Prediction of sheet and rill erosion over the australian. Impacts of rainfall and inflow on rill formation and. Prediction of sheet and rill erosion over the australian continent, incorporating monthly soil loss distribution hua lu, john gallant, ian p. Erosion, removal of surface material from earths crust, primarily soil and rock debris, and the transportation of the eroded materials by natural agencies such as water or wind from the point of removal. Pro mapper and microsoft image composite editor for creating ortho. Where these converge, the increase in discharge intensifies particle movement. The rain detaches the soil particles, splashes them into the air, and causes shallow overland flows. Soil erosion can be caused by overland flow, by rainsplash, and by the combination of overland flow and rainfall impact hairsine and rose, 1991, salles et al. Sage reference rill erosion sage knowledge sage publications. Quality, quantity and concentration of the sediment brought down by the river.
Interrill erosion is defined as soil movement that occurs when raindrops strike exposed soil. An experimental study of rill sediment delivery in purple. Rill erosion in natural and disturbed forests moscow forestry. Sheet and rill erosion olivier cerdan physical and regional geography research group, katholieke universiteit leuven, geo. This creates a less favorable environment for plant growth. The experimental treatments included sheet erosion dominated sed and rill erosion dominated red treatments. Predicting sheet and rill erosion of shihmen reservoir. Rill erosion is often described as the intermediate stage between sheet erosion and gully erosion. Rill erosion rill erosion is the removal of soil by concentrated water running through little streamlets, or headcuts. Detachment in a rill occurs if the sediment in the flow is below the amount the load can transport and if the flow exceeds the soils resistance to detachment. Towards an assessment of the ephemeral gully erosion. Rill erosion channel erosion channel erosion can occur on steep land or on land that slopes more gently. Pdf on jan 1, 2008, karl auerswald and others published water erosion find, read and. Soil erosion by waterrill erosion wikibooks, open books.
The nonselective sediment transport during rill erosion is different from sheet erosion, which is selective sediment transport. Soil erosion soil erosion is the loosening and displacement of topsoil from the land due to the action of agents like wind and water. Shihmen reservoir watershed is vital to the water supply in northern taiwan but the reservoir has been heavily impacted by sedimentation and soil erosion since 1964. Worldwide cropland currently, about 80% of the worlds agricultural land su. Rill erosion been partly originated by pedolog ical processes of lateral leaching which, besides, have induced some forms of piping erosion. Institute, celestijnenlaan 200 e, 3001 heverlee, belgium. Loss of only 2 of an inch can represent a 5 tonacre soil loss. Although actual rill networks are usually composed of irregular, tortuous, and even discontinuous rills, using parallel and straight rills to simplify the actual rill network is. Most erosion is performed by liquid water, wind, or ice usually in the form of a glacier. Find rill erosion stock images in hd and millions of other royaltyfree stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the shutterstock collection. With regard to environmental impacts, analyses conducted using the revised universal soil loss equation 2 rusle2 and usetox models indicated that sheet and rill erosion were on average 28% lower in the lei systems than in conventional system, and that over the last six years of the experiment, herbiciderelated aquatic toxicity potential was more than 200fold lower in the lei. Erosion is not always readily visible, even when soil loss exceeds unsustainable. Because there are always irregularities in a field, water finds hollows in which to settle and lowlying channels through which to run. Types and forms of erosion by water and by wind food and.
Physical and regional geography research group, katholieke universiteit leuven, geo. Effects of sheet and rill erosion on soil aggregates and organic carbon losses for a mollisol hillslope under rainfall simulation. Pdf measurement of rill erosion through a new uavgis. Runoff with sediment samples was collected during each experimental run, and then the samples were separated into six aggregate fractions 00. Estimating sheet and rill erosion the revised universal soil loss equation version 2 rusle2 is used to estimate interrill sheet and rill erosion caused by water. Erdem unal 1, sevket cokgor 1, abdullah gedikli 1, jaeyoung yoon 2,3, kaan koca 1,s. Rill erosion is a type of erosion that results in small, yet well defined streams. Modeling rill erosion is an important yet challenging task informing soil conservation. Gross erosion means all erosion in the watershed, i. Erosion removes surface soil material topsoil, reduces levels of soil organic matter, and contributes to the breakdown of soil structure. Thus, further exploration of the inherent mechanisms of the. View enhanced pdf access article on wiley online library html view download pdf for offline viewing.
Overland flow breaks up into small channells of microrills moss et al. Pdf sheet and rill erosion anne gobin, john quinton, jean. It happens when water from rainfall does not soak into the soil, but runs across it instead. Rill erosion can be reduced by reducing the volume and speed of surface water with grassed waterways and filter strips, ripped mulch lines, and contour drains. Gully erosion gullies are channels deeper than 30cm that cannot. Rill erosion article about rill erosion by the free. Measurement of rill erosion through a new uavgis methodology. Soil erosion in nature may be a slow process geological erosion or a fast process promoted by human activities like overgrazing, deforestation. Example of rill erosion and redeposition of sediment at the base of the slope source.
The role of vegetation in the retardation of rill erosion. In addition to the main flow path downslope, secondary flow paths develop with a lateral component. If the wind is dusty, or water or glacial ice is muddy, erosion is taking place. Rill formation is the predominant erosion process in slope land in the loess plateau, china. Sheet, rill and gully erosion is the unwanted removal of soil from the land surface or through incised channels by the action of rainfall and runoff. The term sheet erosion is frequently used instead of interrill erosion, but it. Interrill and rill erosion on hillslope article pdf available in applied mechanics and materials 170173. It is a computer model containing both empirical and processbased.
Wind or water erosion is the physical wearing of the earths surface. Interrill and rill erosion move soil within the field boundary. Between the rills, the removal of soil is done by sheet interrill erosion, dominated by raindrop splash and sheet flow. Soil erosion sheet, rill and wind erosion detachment and transportation of soil particles caused by rainfall runoffsplash, irrigation runoff, or wind that degrades soil quality. Intensity of erosion in the catchment sheet, rill, gully and stream channel erosion. Workshop on common criteria for risk area identification.
The purpose of this study was to explore the capability of machine learning algorithms, such as decision tree and random forest, to predict soil erosion sheet and rill erosion depths in the shihmen reservoir watershed. Rill erosion is what the water flow scours the ground to form, when the slope thin layer flow assembles the linear small water flow zhaoetal. Rill erosion was found to be nonselective, while for interrill erosion the enrichment ratio of oc, er oc, varied between 0. Tackling gully erosion using the battering technique duration. Previous studies have related the effects of bare soil, water repellency, time since burning, and soil compaction to increases. Gully erosion may cause considerable soil losses and produce large. Forest area in italy modelled annual average soil loss rate was 0. The characteristics of rill development and their effects on runoff and. Several rain gauges were set up in the basin, including a recording gauge, and manual. Soil erosion in europe editors john boardman ezvirozllzeztal clzalzge. Comparison of loess and purple rill erosions measured with volume replacement method xiaoyan chena,b,c. Manual for local level assessment of land degradation. Rill erosion is usually linked with sheet water driven erosion as the shallow flows of water driving sheet erosion tend to coalesce and thus increase both in velocity and scouring capacity. Sediment delivery ratio sdr is defined as the sediment yield from an area divided by the gross erosion.
The rills or small channels often only 30cm deep are caused when water running across the surface of the ground gathers in a natural depression in the soil, and erosion. Currently, soc loss induced by rill erosion is unknown. The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal sustainability are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor s. Laboratory experiments of sediment transport from bare. Weathering and erosion lead to the simultaneous process of degradation and aggradation. Soil atlas of europe map showing the risk of water erosion in the 27 member states of the european union fact sheet no. Raindrops striking these shallow flows figure 2 enhance the flows. This study was conducted to investigate rill erosion. Sediment yield is the quantity of gross erosion that is delivered to a specific location. Protecting the soil from runoff stops potential land degradation and assists with water quality protection. Certified crop advisor study resources northeast region. Rills are initiated at a critical distance downslope, where overland flow becomes channelled. The characteristics of rill development and their effects. The following state costshare practices are designed to address this concern.
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